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Nobel Prize in Physics for ‘the most powerful laser pulses known to mankind’
At U-M, Gérard Mourou advanced and commercialized 'chirped pulse amplification,' leading to more precise LASIK eye surgery and pushing the limits of optical science.
Former Michigan Engineering faculty member Dr. Gérard Mourou at Physics Symposium celebrating the 50th birthday of nonlinear optics on October 26th 2011. Image credit: Michigan Photography
ANN ARBOR—A University of Michigan emeritus professor and laser pioneer has been honored with the world’s most prestigious prize in physics.
Gérard Mourou, the A.D. Moore Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, is one of three winners of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics for “groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics.”
For an invention made at the University of Rochester and developed at U-M, Mourou shares half of the prize with his former graduate student Donna Strickland, now an associate professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada. The other half of the prize went to former Bell Laboratories scientist Arthur Ashkin.
Mourou was a faculty member at U-M for 16 years, retiring in 2004.
In 1991, he founded U-M’s Center for Ultrafast Optical Science—where the safer, bladeless version of LASIK eye surgery was developed and HERCULES, the world’s most intense laser, was born.
The “chirped pulse amplification,” or CPA, technique Mourou is honored for developing has revolutionized the field of optics and led to advances in science, engineering and medicine.
“Mourou is a visionary,” said Herbert Winful, an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and one of Mourou’s nominators.
“Chirped pulse amplification has made possible the most powerful laser systems in the world. It has had applications that range from fundamental science—like creating elementary particles, accelerating particles to extreme energies and really probing the processes that go on in matter—all the way to materials processing and medicine.”
Anatoly Maksimchuk, EECS Research Scientist, and John Nees, EECS Associate Research Scientist, demonstrate use of the HERCULES 300 TW laser. Image credit: Joseph Xu
CPA boosts the peak power of ultrashort light pulses to levels that can exceed several petawatts. A petawatt is a quadrillion watts, or roughly 1/200th of the total power of sunlight striking the Earth’s atmosphere. The technique relies on grooved surfaces called diffraction gratings to stretch a very short duration laser pulse so that it lasts 50,000 times longer. This stretched pulse can be amplified to much higher energy without damaging the optics in its path. It can then be compressed, reversing the stretching and squeezing the laser pulse until it’s close to its original duration. The beam can then be focused to ultra-high intensity.
Mourou brought the technique and his team with him when he came to U-M from Rochester. And here, they advanced the CPA approach and developed applications, Winful said.
IntraLase, a U-M spinout company Mourou co-founded to commercialize the bladeless LASIK technique, has used it on more than 5 million patients. In bladeless LASIK, a scalpel is replaced by an ultraprecise laser, making the procedure safer and easier for both patients and ophthalmologists.
HERCULES holds the Guiness World Record for highest-intensity focused laser. Its beam is more intense than what would result if you could hold a giant magnifying glass in space and focus all the sunlight shining toward Earth onto one grain of sand, researchers say.
Recently the laser’s power (not its intensity) received a $2 million upgrade funded by the National Science Foundation. With more laser energy to focus, U-M researchers and collaborators from around the world can make better tabletop devices that produce particle and X-ray beams for medical and national security applications—and also explore mysteries in astrophysics and the quantum realm.
Mourou led the development in Europe of the Extreme Light Infrastructure, a facility that is home to the most powerful laser systems based on CPA for interdisciplinary research.
“These lasers are powerful enough to reproduce conditions in the middle of the sun,” said Bradford Orr, chair of the U-M Department of Physics.
Mourou’s contributions go beyond the research realm, says Karl Krushelnick, a professor of nuclear engineering and radiological sciences who worked with Mourou.
“He has a boundless enthusiasm for his research field,” Krushelnick said, “and that was able to inspire his co-workers and many generations of students.”
Mourou also had appointments in the Department of Physics and Applied Physics Program, where he was key in establishing the Frontiers of Optical Coherent and Ultrafast Science, one of the first frontier centers funded by the National Science Foundation. FOCUS was a multidisciplinary center that also included faculty from Michigan Engineering’s Center for Ultrafast Optical Science and the Department of Chemistry and the University of Texas.
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