The April survey recorded continued gains in consumer confidence due to a growing sense that the upward momentum in jobs and incomes is likely to persist, according to the University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers.

The renewed confidence is due to record federal stimulus spending, both recent and proposed, as well as the positive impact from a growing share of the population who are vaccinated, said U-M economist Richard Curtin, director of the surveys.

The largest and most important change in the economic outlook was that an all-time record number of consumers expected declines in the unemployment rate in the year ahead. Overall, the data indicate an exceptionally robust outlook for consumer spending through mid-2022, he said.

“The pace of spending gains depends on strong job growth and wages that effectively draw people back into the labor force,” Curtin said. “While temporary price hikes are anticipated, those increases will affect lower-income households the most. Moreover, robust spending increases will act to heighten inflation above the modest gains now anticipated.

“It will be a challenge to fine-tune policy to allow inflation to modestly exceed the 2% target for some time without contributing to the upward momentum in inflation. While it is critical to first secure robust and equitable growth, plans are needed to avoid falling inflation-adjusted incomes and higher interest costs.”

Robust job gains expected

Consumers were well aware of ongoing improvement in the national economy, judging the economy to have significantly improved from the start of 2021, Curtin said. Favorable developments in the economy were cited by twice as many in April than in January, with the largest increases in reports of net job gains.

When specifically asked about the outlook for unemployment, 52% expected declines in the year ahead, the largest percentage ever recorded in the long history of the surveys. Importantly, half of all consumers expected growth prospects to remain favorable until mid-2022, although there was still some concern about the longer term outlook for the economy.

Home sales: Income gains offset price increases

Homebuying conditions slipped only modestly in April in spite of an all-time record number of complaints about high home prices. Although higher prices will usually lessen demand, this reaction may be overwhelmed by strong growth in jobs and incomes, Curtin said.

“Rising home prices and rising incomes create the most fertile soil for the potential growth of inflationary psychology,” he said. “At present, most consumers have no personal recollection of the inflationary psychology that dominated the economy a half-century ago, and even fewer can imagine the reintroduction of Volcker’s extreme interest rate policies that were needed to finally conquer inflationary psychology.”

Consumer Sentiment Index

The Consumer Sentiment Index rose to 88.3 in the April 2021 survey, up from 84.9 in March and well above last April’s 71.8—the best reading since the start of the pandemic. The Expectations component rose to 82.7 in April, up from last month’s 79.7 and last year’s 70.1. The Current Conditions Index rose to 97.2, up from last month’s 93.0 and last year’s 74.3.

About the surveys

The Surveys of Consumers is a rotating panel survey based on a nationally representative sample that gives each household in the coterminous U.S. an equal probability of being selected. Interviews are conducted throughout the month by telephone. The minimum monthly change required for significance at the 95% level in the Sentiment Index is 4.8 points; for the Current and Expectations Index, the minimum is 6 points.

Surveys of Consumers
U-M Institute for Social Research